Preparation Design and Evaluation of Saffron (Crocussativus L) Extract Nanoemulsion Serum as Sun Protection

Abstract

Objective: Exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays can cause various skin problems, such as premature aging, hyperpigmentation, and skin cancer. Saffron is known to contain antioxidants that can help protect the skin from UV-induced free radical damage. While there are many sun protection products on the market, only some of these products can be effective in protecting the skin or might irritate sensitive skin. Developing nanoemulsions of saffron extract can offer a more efficient solution with better penetration into the skin layers, ensuring more even distribution and more optimal protection. Method: Nanoemulsion of the saffron extract was prepared using the

High-Energy Emulsification method where oil, surfactant, co- surfactant, and extract were homogenized with the help of an

ultrasonic probe, then added distilled water and homogenized again with the help of ultrasonic. Furthermore, it is characterized physically by the stability test and sun protection test. Results: The nanoemulsion of saffron extract with maceration method has a thick consistency with a bit of fat, a distinctive aroma of saffron, a milky orange color, and good homogeneity. The particle size test results were 215.3 nm ± 18.69 with a polydispersity index value of 0.4 PDI ± 0.0 and a zeta potential value of -14.7 mV ± 1.1

with a spherical morphology without aggregation. The freeze- thawing cycle stability test results showed physical characteristics

that still met the reference values and 25, 50, 100, and 250 times multilevel dilution testing. The UVB and UVA sun protection factor test results showed a UVB value of 7.2 ± 0.6, categorized as moderate, and a UVA protection value of 2.0 ± 0.1 with a PA+ category. Conclusions: The saffron extract can be formulated using a nanoemulsion delivery base and has a promising effect as sun protection.