http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/38 2026-10-08T20:41:53Z 2026-10-08T20:41:53Z Ahmadi, Deba http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/67138 2026-09-12T08:32:32Z 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z

Afghan Girls’ Right to Education Under Taliban Rule (2021–2025): A Legal Analysis Under International Human Rights Law Ahmadi, Deba The right to education is universally recognized as a fundamental human right and a central element of human dignity, equality, and social development. Article 26 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights affirms that education shall aim at the full development of the human personality and the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. Education therefore functions not only as an individual entitlement but also as an enabling right that facilitates the realization of other human rights, promotes gender equality, and supports sustainable development. Since the Taliban’s return to power on 15 August 2021, Afghanistan has experienced severe restrictions on access to education, particularly for girls at the secondary and higher levels. Although the Taliban are not formally recognized as the de jure government of Afghanistan, they function as a de facto authority exercising effective territorial control over the territory and population. This raises significant legal questions regarding the continuity of Afghanistan’s international human rights obligations despite changes in governing authority. This research examines whether the restrictions imposed under Taliban rule are compatible with Afghanistan’s obligations under international human rights law. The study adopts a normative legal research method, analysing key international instruments including the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, together with relevant General Comments and United Nations reports. The study finds that the prohibition of girls’ education violates fundamental principles of non-discrimination and equality, as well as the obligation to respect, protect, and fulfil the right to education. It further argues that de facto authorities exercising effective control over a population remain bound by the state’s international human rights obligations. The research concludes that the Taliban’s restrictions on girls’ education are inconsistent with Afghanistan’s treaty commitments and recommends strengthened international monitoring and accountability mechanisms to safeguard the right to education for Afghan girls and women.

2026-01-01T00:00:00Z Kazimi, Omida http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/67031 2026-09-11T07:02:23Z 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z

Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems Outside Armed Conflict: Legal Challenges to the Right to Life Kazimi, Omida AI has transformed every aspect of human life; one of the most prominent and controversial areas of AI application is its integration into the military and beyond armed conflict. Lethal Autonomous Weapon System (LAWS) is a system that can identify targets, select them, and attack them without human intervention. The use of LAWS outside armed conflict poses serious legal challenges to the protection of the right to life under International Human Rights Law (IHRL). This study examines the regulation of the use of lethal force under IHRL, as well as the legal challenges of the use of LAWS to the protection of the right to life in non-combat contexts such as law enforcement, border control, and counterterrorism. The right to life as a non-doregable right and the prohibition of arbitrary deprivation of life are used as legal standards that the use of lethal force outside armed conflict must comply with principles of necessity, proportionality, legality, and precaution. This research analyzes binding international instruments, including ICCPR, regional human rights conventions, and soft law such as the UN Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials and the UN Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, and UDHR, to explain governing legal frameworks. To answer the research questions, this research uses a normative and doctrinal legal research method to analyze legal documents, International judicial procedures, and interpretations of human rights monitoring bodies. The comparison between strict IHRL principles and the technical and functional characteristics of these LAWS allows this research to assess the extent to which these weapons comply with the requirements of international human rights law. The research’s findings show that delegating lethal decisions to LAWS lacks contextual understanding, human judgment, and the ability to assess complex situations, resulting in arbitrary deprivation of life, because it cannot comply with the principle of necessity and proportionality. It also creates serious accountability gaps because responsibility is divided among different actors, such as designers, programmers, commanders, and states, which traditional systems of responsibility cannot adequately address. Use of LAWS outside armed conflict, such as law enforcement, counterterrorism, and border control, poses even more severe challenges due to misinterpretation of data, algorithmic bias, excessive use of force, and lack of transparency. In a legal context, although there are some non-binding laws to regulate the use of lethal force in peacetime, a crucial legal gap exists because of the lack of binding international frameworks to regulate the use of LAWS. Therefore, the use of LAWS in a non-combat context cannot comply with IHRL and poses a serious threat to the right to life and human dignity, without meaningful human control, accountability mechanisms, and clear and applicable law.

2026-01-01T00:00:00Z Muadin http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/66982 2026-09-10T07:20:24Z 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z

Desain Pengaturan Pengangkatan Penjabat Kepala Daerah sebagai Implikasi dari Pemisahan Pemilu Lokal dan Nasional Muadin Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis desain pengaturan pengisian jabatan kepala daerah akibat dari pemisahan pemilu lokal dan nasional pada putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No.135/PUU-XXII/2024. Permasalahan penelitian ini yakni pengisian jabatan kepala daerah di era transisi yang diisi dengan mekanisme pengangkatan Penjabat sementara (Pj) yang telah mendegradasi kedaulatan rakyat dalam negara demokrasi di Indonesia khusus pada tingkat lokal. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengisian penjabat kepala daerah telah terbukti merenggut hak kedaulatan rakyat di tingkat lokal di seluruh wilayah provinsi, kabupaten dan kota di Indonesia akibat dari pengisian Pj kepala daerah pasca keserentakan pemilu tahun 2024 selain itu terdapat berbagai permasalahan seperti krisis legitimasi demokrasi, tidak transparan dan akuntabel, krisis dasar hukum serta sentralisasi kewenangan pemerintahan pusat dengan demikian dalam merespon pemisahan pemilu lokal dan nasional pada Putusan MK.135/PUU-XXII/2024 akan terjadi lagi pada tahun pemilu 2029. Oleh karena itu diperlukan regulasi rekayasa konstitusional sebagai mekanisme dalam pengisian jabatan kepala daerah di masa transisi akibat dari pemisahan pemilu lokal dan nasional agar mengembalikan hak kedaulatan rakyat dan hak otonomi daerah secara independen sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip negara hukum yang demokrasi.

2026-01-01T00:00:00Z Rahma, Alfi Aulia http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/66765 2026-09-05T07:31:28Z 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z

Klausul Exit Strategy dalam Perjanjian Pre-Seed pada Kerja Sama Ekosistem Startup di Indonesia Rahma, Alfi Aulia Perkembangan ekosistem startup di Indonesia mendorong meningkatnya penggunaan perjanjian pre-seed sebagai dasar hubungan hukum antara founder dan investor. Salah satu klausul yang memiliki peranan penting dalam perjanjian tersebut adalah klausul exit strategy, yaitu klausul yang mengatur mekanisme pengakhiran investasi dan pengalihan kepemilikan saham. Namun demikian, hukum positif Indonesia belum mengatur secara khusus mengenai klausul tersebut sehingga menimbulkan persoalan mengenai kedudukan hukum dan implementasinya dalam praktik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kedudukan klausul exit strategy dalam perjanjian pre-seed pada kerja sama ekosistem startup di Indonesia serta mengkaji implementasinya berdasarkan hukum perjanjian Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, perbandingan, dan pendekatan kasus. Bahan hukum dianalisis secara kualitatif melalui metode deskriptif-analitis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa klausul exit strategy memiliki kedudukan hukum yang sah sebagai bentuk implementasi asas kebebasan berkontrak sepanjang memenuhi syarat sah perjanjian sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 1320 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata, tidak bertentangan dengan ketentuan Undang-Undang Perseroan Terbatas, peraturan pasar modal, serta dilaksanakan berdasarkan asas itikad baik, proporsionalitas, dan pacta sunt servanda. Implementasi klausul tersebut dalam praktik masih menghadapi berbagai hambatan, antara lain ketidakseimbangan posisi tawar para pihak, belum adanya standar penyusunan klausul, serta belum optimalnya kepastian hukum terhadap mekanisme exit. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penyusunan klausul yang lebih komprehensif dan proporsional guna memberikan kepastian hukum serta perlindungan yang seimbang bagi investor dan founder dalam ekosistem startup di Indonesia.

2026-01-01T00:00:00Z